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ROBERT FORSTER
PEASANTS, NOBLES AND RURAL REVOLUTION IN 18TH-CENTURY FRANCE
Ronald Posner
Inquiry Materials
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
New York
Collier Macmillan Publishers
London
aristocracy: a group of families of the highest social status, such as nobles
artisan: a person who has a craft or trade, such as a carpenter or stonecutter
Auvergne (o-vern'): a province in central France
benefice; a Church post for which a property or fixed income is provided
Bordeaux (bor-do'): a city in the southwest of France
bourgeois (boor-zhwa'): townspeople, particularly of the well off middle class – often
lawyers, officeholders, or merchants. Many were absentee rural landlords.
bureaucracy: an organization for carrying on government business by means of offices/
bureaus made up of officials and staff members, also called "civil
servants"
cahiers (ka-ya'): the peasants' lists of grievances to the king
capital: goods or money that can be invested in lands or business to produce more goods
or money
chateau: a rural manor house of a lord or noble
Chateaubriand (sha-to-bre-an'): famous French novelist and provincial noble
cleric: a clergyman
commoner:- a person not of noble or ecclesiastical rank, without privileges
commune: a village or small town owning common rights and common property with a
government usually headed by a mayor or "elders"
constitutional monarchy: a government ruled by a monarch
whose powers are limited by a constitution and by the laws
made by a legislative body
courtier: a nobleman who resided at the royal court
day-laborer: a person who worked for wages and owned no land
Depont (de-pon'): a French provincial family who became noble
Dijon (de-zhon'):-a city in eastern France, a provincial capital
dime (dem): the part of a harvest set aside for the Church; the highest title of noble rank
in France edict: a royal order
diocese: A Church district-about the size of an American county-composed of ,any
parishes over which a bishop has authority.
domain: land held by a landlord for his own use
dowry: an amount of money or goods, usually specified in a marriage contract
that the bride brings to the marriage.
Duc: Duke; highest title of noble rank in France
edict: a royal order
elite: an exclusive group of persons of high rank
émigré' (a-me-gra'): persons who fled from France during the Revolution
Escouloubre (es-koo-loo' bre): a French provincial noble family
"established Church": a church recognized by law and granted certain privileges by the
government
farm capital: land, tools, equipment, livestock, seed-all the things except labor needed to
carry on farming
fermier (fer-mya'): a large tenant farmer, often combining the functions of moneylender, grain merchant, and farm manager, who paid rent in money
glean: to gather or use what is left on a field after its crop has been harvested-a "right" of
the poor
honorific: conferred out of honor or respect but requiring minimal duties
intendant: a royal governor appointed by the king
La Rochelle (la-ro-shel'): a port on the west coast of France, engaged in slave and sugar
trade during the 17th and 18th centuries
livre (le' vre): a sum of money equal roughly to two U. S. dollars in 1990
marquis: a title of noble rank
mass: a religious. ceremony in the Catholic Church
mendicant: a beggar
Mirabeau (me-ra-bo): French social critic and provincial noble
moat: a wide, deep trench around a castle, usually filled with water
monsieur (me-syu'): title of civility corresponding to Mr. Also, preceding a noble title
like marquis, it corresponds to "My Lord."
Montesquieu (mon-tes-ku'): French political philosopher and
writer, a provincial noble
mouvance (moo-vans'): a piece of land partially owned by a peasant but for which he had
to pay dues, or quitrents, to his lord or seigneur
noble: person who has rank and privileges
parish: the smallest ecclesiastical division, about the size of a village commune, under a
priest or vicar
parlement (parl-man'): French royal court of law
peasant: small farmer who works land
privileges: royal grants to favored families, such as tax exemption for nobles
proprietor: owner, usually of land
Provence (pro-vans'): a province in the southeast of France
province: a region of France about the size of an American state
quitrents: dues paid, often in grain, to the seigneur by every villager
sacrament: in the Catholic religion, the ceremonial means by which a person achieves
salvation. Among the seven sacraments are baptism, marriage, confirmation, and Holy Communion.
Saulx-Tavanes (so-ta-van'): a great French noble family who lived in Paris
seigneur (sen-yur'): a noble landowner with special claims over land (see quitrents)
seigneurial dues: (see quitrents)
sharecropper: a small tenant who works land for which he or she pays a portion of the
crops, rather than money, as rent
social mobility: movement from a lower to a higher social
status or class
social status: position or rank in a society
surplus: that which is left over after need or use has been satisfied, as, for example, extra
grain farmers could sell after their families' food supplies had been met
taille (ti): a royal income tax levied on commoners, the burden of which was borne by the
peasants
tenants: persons -who rent rather than own the land they occupy
Toulouse (too-looz'): a provincial town in the southwest of France
usury: the practice of charging interest by moneylenders, which was illegal in France in
the 18th century
vagabond: a wandering poor person
vassal: a person who was dependent on a noble or seigneur usually a peasant who paid
quitrents
Versailles (ver-si'): a town in northern France, site of the palace of the French kings,
outside of Paris
Vieillevigne (vya-ven'ya): a village in southern France
Length (meters) Weight (grams) Capacity (liters)
100 centimeters =1 meter 1,000 milligrams= 1 gram, 1 Cubic centimeter=1
milliliter
1,000 meters=1 kilometer 1,000 grams= 1 kilogram 1,000 milliliters=1 liter
1,000 kilograms =1 metric ton
INDEX
Academy of Art and Music, 7
Agriculture, 9, 10, 12-13, 28-9, 34, 53, 74; improvements in 20-21, 57, 71, 74, 78, 98;
reinvestment in, 78
American Revolution, 36
Archbishop of Rouen, 48
Archbishop of Strasbourg, 38
army, see military
Austria, 90, 91
Auvergne, 55
Bastille, 88
bishop, 20, 37-38, 39, 89, 91
Bordeaux, 54, 57, 59, 65
bourgeois, 33; see also citizen
Brittany, 55, 57, 65, 90
Burgundy, 47, 48, 66, 69, 82, 95, 96
Burke, Edmund, 62
cahiers, 85
charity 12, 26, 39, 51, 61, 76, 77, 98
Chateau, 9, 14, 33, 47, 51, 54, 55, 57, 66, 77, 88, 98
Chateaubriand, 57, 65, 66
Choiseul, 49
Christianity, 37
Church (Catholic), 9, 15, 23, 26, 32-33, 34, 36-38, 39, 48, 62, 68, 77, 89, 92, 98;
organization of, 38-39; and revolution, 95
church (local), 14, 36-38, 85
Church bonds, 54
citizen, 33, 34, 73, 83, 93, 99
classes, structures in the Middle Ages,32-33
Cologne, 97
Combourg 57, 66
commerce, 34; see also market
commoners, 33
commons, 10
communal land, 10-12, 14, 781 82,95,98
communal property, 10, 83, 95
communal rights, 10-12, 30, 78, 98
communal woodlands, 10, 72, 88, 89
Constitutional monarchy, 96
cost of living, 69; see also inflation
court, see law court
crop rotation, 10
day laborer, 15, 26, 33, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83; standard of living of, 77; see also wage labor de Tocqueville, Alexis, 79
death rate, 23; see also life expectancy
debts; government, 84; to landlord, 26; of the nobility, 49, 51, 54, 69, 77; of
sharecroppers, 76; village, 36, 94, 95
democracy, 34
Depont, 59, 62-63, 65, 66, 73-74, 75, 76, 77, 88; Jean-Samuel, 61-62; Paul, 59; Paul-
Charles, 61; Paul-Francois, 59, 61, 62, 73, 74; and revolution, 96-97
Dijon, 54, 66, 69, 84, 89, 92, 98
dime, 37, 39, 68, 72, 88, 89
domain, 68-69, 73, 74, 75, 78, 93
draft, see military
dues (seigneurial), 17, 25, 29, 68-69, 71-73, 74, 75-76, 78-79, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 90, 93,
` 94, 96
education, 34, 36, 39, 51, 53, 56,85
émigré, 94-95
Escouloubre, Marquis d', 14-15, 26, 33, 53, 54, 65, 66, 73, 74-76, 77, 78; and revolution,
93, 97-98
estate administration, 66-74; see also land management
Estates-General, 84
farm size, 25, 28-29, 55, 65
farmer, 2, 17, 33, 71; see also peasant
farming, 2, 25-27, 30; communal, 10-12; economy of, 26-27; experimental, 93; tools, 9;
village, 9-13; see also agriculture
fashion, 50-51
Faurie, M., 73-74
Feneon, Jacques, 71-73
fermier, 26, 27-31, 33, 39, 67, 68-69, 70-71, 73-74, 78, 79, 81, 82, 92, 97, 98; as
industrialist, 30-31; as merchant, 28, 68; relation to peasant, 30, 69; and
revolution, 83; social status, 28
food shortage, 12-13, 25, 83
French Republic, 95
French Revolution, 2, 3, 79, 81, 83, 84, 90; leaders of, 83; see also rural revolution Gleaners, The, 9
gleaning, 9, 98
government, central, 12, 14,1718, 23, 26, 34, 36, 44, 59, 76, 82,95 ; bankruptcy of, 83,
84; and Church, 89; growth of, 34-36; influence on village, 36; role
of, 34-36
government bonds, 54, 92
government bureaucracy, 41-42
grain, 17, 29, 71, 85; see also merchant
Great Fear, 88
harvest, 12; division of, 9, 23, 26, 37, 68, 71-72, 73, 74-76
income (of nobles), 44, 47
industry, 34, 36; peasant, 13; rural, 30-31, 36
inflation, 25, 26, 39, 70-71, 90, 93
inheritance, 47, 61, 96
intendant, 59, 62, 73, 95, 96, 97
Jansenism, 38, 39
justice, right of, 17, 68
king, 17, 39, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 96; checks on, 54-55; and Estates General, 84;
foreign alliances, 90; and revolution, 85
La. Rochelle, 33, 59, 61, 62, 65, 73, 74, 77, 96
land management, 63; see also estate administration
land ownership; absentee, 53; change of, 15, 91; Church, 33; fermier, 28; noble, 14-15,
33, 68-69; owner-occupier, 25; peasant, 13, 25; post-revolutionary, 92-93,96; size of, 66, 68, 73, 74, 75
land redistribution, 92-93, landlord (noble), 6, 9, 12, 13,26, 30, 33, 36, 47, 63, 65-66,
73, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 97, 98; absentee, 30, 32-33, 66, 71, 78; and revolution, 88,95-98
law court, 41, 47, 54, 61, 74, 89, 94,
lawyer, 33, 63, 71-73; village, 27, 31-32, 39; and revolution, 83
lease, 70-71, 73-74, sale of, 67
legal system, 17, 18, 41; see also justice, right of
life expectancy (peasant), 20; see also death rate
Loire Valley, 14
Louis XIV, 42, 48
Louis XVI, 95
manor house, 7, 99; see also chateau
Marie-Antoinette, 50
market, 14, 25, 29, 30, 75, 78, 79
marquis, 17; see also landlord, nobility
marriage, 37, 49; merchant, 44; noble, 44, 49, 78; peasant, 18-20
merchant, 6, 27, 28, 30, 33, 47, 59-63, 65, 67, 81, 92
"micro-holdings," 92
Middle Ages, 32-33
military, 45, 48, 59, 96; draft, 90, 91; and Napoleon, 93; service, 36
mining, 36
Mirabeau, Marquis de, 57-59, 62,66, 79
moneylending, 29, 61, 62, 75, 82; see also usury
Montesquieu, Baron de, 54-56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66
mouvance, 68, 69
Napoleon Bonaparte, 93, 95, 97
National Assembly, 84, 85, 88, 89
nobility, 34, 38-39, 45, 47, 66-77, 88; court, 54, 96; English 54; lifestyle of, 3, 17, 41-63,
65; Parisian, 49-53, 54; provincial, 53-56, 57; purchase of office, 45, 59, 88; and revolution, 88,90, 93, 95-98; of the robe (new), 45, 47, 54, 55, 58, 59, 61, 62-63, 73; role of, 14-17, 41-63; of the sword (old), 45, 58, 59, 62-
63,66,73,74
noble, 30, 65-66, 82; as land-lord, 2, 78, 79, 90
notary, 85, 97; see also lawyer
owner-occupier, 25, 26
Paris, 12, 14, 23, 30, 36, 38, 41,42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 57,59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69,
77, 3, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97
parish, 15, 17, 20, 37, 68; see also church (local)
parlement, 47, 54, 62; of Paris, 61, 62
peasant, 2-5, 32-33, 34-36, 38,47, 57, 65, 68, 69, 77, 79; as farmer, 2, 5, 12-13, 67, 72,
75-76, 81; and land, 66; life style of, 3, 5-7, 18-21; outlook of, 9, 18-21, 31-32, 34, 36, 39, 79, 82-83; relation fermier, 30, 31; and revolution, 81, 82-83, 91
pension, 54, 96
Persian Letters, The, 54
pigmy farmer, 99
police, 17, 26, 85
political parties, 89
poor, 12, 26, 34, 36, 76; and revolution, 91, 98-99
population growth, 23-25
prefect, 95
press, 89
priest, 14, 20, 31, 32, 37, 39, 76, 77, 81, 82, 89,91 revolution, 83, 85, 88, 9
privilege, 17, 36, 47, 85, 9
proprietor, 93, 99
Protestant, 59, 61
Provence, 55, 57, 59
public bond, 53, 61, 96
public improvements, 79
public relief, 98
public works, 34
purchase of office, see nobility
queen,50,90
quitrent, 17, 72, 88
6,78-79
republic, 90
revenues, 47, 48, 53, 54, 65,
69-70,71
Rhone River Valley, 90
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 18
royal court (legal), 31; see also law court royal court (Versailles), 41, 42, 44, 49, 96; see
also Versailles
rural revolution; consequences of, 93-99; and land redistribution, 92-93; stage I, 85-88,
stage II, 88-90; stage III, 90-92; and villages, 83, 9395
rural society, change in, 58, 62-65
Saone Valley, 66
Saulx-Tavanes, 47-49, 53, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66-73, 74, 76, 84, 89-90, 93, 97;
emigration of, 92; Gaston, 49; Henry-Charles de, 48; and revolution, 95-
96
seigneur, 14, 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 39, 47, 58, 63, 66, 68, 76, 78, 82, 83, 89, 90, 94, 96, 98,
99; increasing power of, 72-73; see also landlord, nobility
seigneurial dues, see dues seigneurial jurisdiction, 47
seigneurial justice, 78
seigneurial rights, 55, 56, 67, 71, 73, 74, 75, 88, 96
Seine River, 41
separation of powers, 54
sharecropper, 15, 25-26, 36, 68, 74-77, 78, 79; and revolution, 93, 98
social change, 2, 21; rural, 58, 62-65
social mobility, 59-63
social status, 56, 65-66
Socialist Revolution, 92
Society of Agriculture, 77
standard of living, 21, 83; urban, 42; see also peasant, lifestyle of
stock market, 41
taille, 33
taxes, 18, 25, 32-34, 36, 39, 47, 68-69, 74, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 91, 93; collection, 17-18,
34, 77, 82; exemption, 3233, 34, 47, 55, 61; in Middle Ages, 33; and nobility, 51, 82, 84; reform, 34, 36, 57, 82; and revolution, 90; and royalty, 17-18; and villages, 14, 76, 94, 95; see also dime, quitrent
tenant farmer, 2 5, 26, 30, 47, 63, 67, 68, 74-75, 76, 78-79; see also farmer
Toulouse, 5, 7, 14, 33, 53, 54, 65, 66, 74, 761 77, 93, 97, 98
trade, 47, 53, 59
traditional society, 2-3
transportation, 12
usury, 68; see also moneylending
vassals, 96
Versailles, 42-44, 61
vicar-general, 39
Vieillevigne, 2, 3, 5-21, 33, 41, 53, 73, 77, 97
village, outside influence on 27, and revolution, 93-95
village assembly, 85
village commune, 90, 94
village elder, 13, 18
village government, 13-14, 23, 31-32,36,95
village industry, 5-7
village life, 5-21
villagers, outlook of, 200 see also peasant
wage labor, 9, 68, 74 day laborer
West Indies, 41, 59
wheat, 12, 74
winemaking, 6-7, 73
women; and marriage 44, 49; and the village, 9, 18